Monday, November 29, 2021

Cars of General Motors' Chuck Jordan Era

Charles Morrell "Chuck" Jordan (1927-2010) was General Motors' Vice President of Design from 1986 to 1992. His Wikipedia entry is here.  I wrote about GM's previous design chief, Irv Rybicki, here.

As described in Chapter 13 of the Michael Lamm and Dave Holls classic book A Century of Automotive Style: 100 Years of American Car Design, it seems that Rybicki unexpectedly replaced Bill Mitchell, long-time (1958-77) GM Design VP.  Most GM folks assumed Chuck Jordan would be appointed, but his aggressive personality was too much for some GM leaders who were already tired of Mitchell's aggressive personality.  Jordan finally got the job when Rybicki retired.  Rybicki was not a firebrand.  He tended to avoid conflict and was much more willing than Mitchell to accede to the wishes of others in the corporation.  That is, he didn't fight nearly as hard for his staff's designs as Mitchell and Jordan did.  Also, Rybicki and Jordan hated each other, yet had to work together.

Because GM had a mandatory retirement age of 65, Jordan only had about six years to have an impact on GM car designs.  Given lead times to production, this meant that only new designs appearing in model years 1989-1994 were likely strongly influenced by Jordan's perfectionist taste.

Automobile styling during the Rybicki years (1977-1986) was dominated by angular, "three-box" forms where windows were large.  Rybicki's GM designs conformed to that fashion.  Jordan took control when government-mandated fuel efficiency requirements forced carmakers to make use of wind tunnel tested streamlining to improve gas mileage.  As a result, cars -- including most Jordan-led designs -- received softer, more curved shapes. 

Examples of Jordan era designs are presented below.  Images are GM-sourced unless noted.

Gallery

1992 Buick Roadmaster
GM's A and B bodies were redesigned for the 1991 model year.  This is a B-body '92 sedan -- only B-body Roadmaster station wagons were offered for the 1991 model year.

1992 Buick Roadmaster
The "three-box" large window areas are retained, but surfaces on lower bodies are more curved, as are transitions between planes.  Window outlines are crisp, preventing the design from seeming too soft.

1991 Chevrolet Caprice - Mecum Auction photo
The Caprice was Chevrolet's B-body car.  Jordan made brand appearance distinction a major concern because brands with the same basic bodies often looked pretty similar in the Rybicki era. 

1991 Chevrolet Caprice - Mecum
Clearly not like a Buick Roadmaster.  But the treatment abaft of the C-pillar gave the design a heavy, sluggish look that reminded me and some others of 1948 Hudsons.  Not a very successful design, as sales dropped drastically the following model years.

1991 Buick Park Avenue
General Motors' new 1985 C-body cars had slightly shorter wheelbases that their later B-body mates.  Buick's Park Avenue was given a major facelift for 1991 by Jordan's stylists, making it seem like a redesign.

1991 Buick Park Avenue - for sale photo
Radius curves by the beltline and abaft of the C-pillar were in line with Harley Earl's preferences, a possible throwback to pre- Bill Mitchell GM styling days.

1991 Buick Park Avenue - for sale photo
Aside perhaps from the front end, this is a competently-styled car.

1992 Buick Skylarks
Skylarks, along with Chevy Corsicas, Olds Achievas and Pontiac Grand Prix models were redesigned for 1992.  This image shows both front and rear aspects of the Buick version.  Low hoods helped suggest a wedge-shape profile.  Fairly large radius curves are seen too.

1992 Oldsmobile 88 Royale - Barrett-Jackson Auctions photo
Another new 1992 design.

1992 Oldsmobile 88 Royale - Barrett-Jackson
Oldsmobiles tended to be less-cluttered, more simplified that their GM stablemates with the same platform such as the Pontiacs in the following images.  To my mind, the car shown here is a pure example of a Jordan 4-door sedan design.

1992 Pontiac Bonneville
As suggested above, '92 Pontiac Bonnevilles are more cluttered-looking than Olds 88s.

1992 Pontiac Bonneville
This might be an instance where too much effort was made to establish visual brand distinction.

Thursday, November 25, 2021

Opels with Panoramic Windshields

The fashion (fad?) of panoramic ("wraparound") windshields was launched in the 1954 model year on General Motors' Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac brands.  High-priced special convertible model Oldsmobiles and Cadillacs had such windshields in 1953, but fewer than a thousand of those cars were made.

General Motors' Opel brand in Germany finally got panoramic windshields several years later.  Opel's Rekord P1 was introduced in August of 1957 and the Kapitän P1 the following June.  A redesigned P2 was marketed starting August of 1959.  Panoramic windshields were eliminated on subsequent models.

Elsewhere in Europe the only significantly numerous cars with panoramic windshields were Vauxhalls, from GM's British subsidiary.

Images below are either factory publicity photos or are of cars listed for sale.

Gallery

On the left is an Opel Olympia Rekord, and on the right is an entry-level Opel Olympia.

Opel Rekord P1 (1957-59)
Most Rekords were two-door models such as this.  The grille and side trim are suggestive of similar features on Buicks.  Buick sold Opels in North America at that time, so similar brand identity features were considered useful marketing tools.

The A-pillar leans forward, similar to GM B-body Oldsmobiles and Buicks.  The C-pillar leans backwards, yielding a backlight window whose shape echoes, but does not quite match the windshield.  The chrome strip the fender is Buick's Sweepspear style.

The sharp tail light assemblies-cum-fender-tips added to the car's visual and actual length.

Side view of a four-door Opel Rekord P1.

Opel Kapitän P1 (2.5), 1958-59
This model was in production for only one year due to lack of market acceptance perhaps caused in part by the narrow rear door and possibly cramped rear seating.  Features including the front forward of the B-pillar and the backlight window seem similar to those of the Rekord.  As of the time this post was drafted, I do not know if there was true commonality.

The rounded crown of the passenger compartment is typical of mid-1950s General Motors styling.

As with the Rekord, the fenderline is lengthened by the tail lights.

Opel Kapitän P2 (2.6), 1959-63
The new P2 2.6-litre Kapitän's wheelbase is the same as the P1's, but the body is slightly longer.

The roof and the body abaft of the B-pillar are different, though it's possible that frontal components were shared with the P1.  Again, I don't know for sure.  But the front half has rounded features while the back half of the car is flatter, more angular.

Rear fenderline length is increased by mini-tailfins instead of tail lights.  Practicality matters aside, I prefer the design of the P1 Kapitän to the P2s.

Monday, November 22, 2021

First-Series Chevrolet Camaros -- Searching for a Theme

In my 2015 post about Camaro styling it was stressed that when General Motors decided to bring back Chevrolet's sporty model for the 2010 model year, styling boss Ed Welburn opted for the original 1967 design as the template for the new car's appearance.  That was despite the fact that the '67 design was from a crash project based on a platform not well-suited for a Ford Mustang competitor.

There were four Camaro generations to choose from for inspiration.  They are listed here in the Camaro's Wikipedia entry.

GM's design staff had a selection problem prior to Welburn's decision.  That was because there was little in the way of a consistent Camaro design theme across those four generations.  This post presents examples of Camaros from generations 1967, 1970, 1982 and 1993 for your consideration and my conjectures.

Gallery

1967-generation Camaro (an early-1970 model) - Chevrolet photo?
This late first-generation version was the one Welburn liked best.

1970 Camaro - BaT auctions photo
It was succeeded but this design.  Here, GM's stylists and engineers had more opportunities to create what they thought a Mustang-beater should look like.  I liked the styling when it first appeared, and I still do.  Though I must add that it seems a trifle too "feminine" for a potentially hairy Muscle Car.

1982 Camaro - Mecum Auctions photo
Third-generation styling was competently done, though it doesn't strike me as being memorable.  When it was designed, Irv Rybicki was GM's Design VP.

1993 Camaro - BaT auctions photo
Chuck Jordan was Design VP when this Camaro was styled.  Many GM cars of that time tended to have a "soft" look.  Note the large-radius curves on the fenderline that are unlike fender treatments of earlier Camaros.

1967-generation Camaro (an early-1970 model) - Chevrolet photo?
Rear quarter view.

1970 Camaro - BaT auctions photo
Another aspect of a fine, Bill Mitchell era design.

1982 Camaro - Barrett-Jackson auctions photo
The '82's rear is cleaner than that of the '70.

1993 Camaro - BaT auctions photo
More curves:  The aft fender transition to the trunk lid.  The zone around the tail lights and trunk lid cut.  The rear bumper cladding.

1967 Camaro - BaT
So where is there a consistently "Camaro" design theme.  I think we can disregard the '67's styling because it was an ad hoc effort where consideration of restyling possibilities was probably a minor matter at the time.

1971 Camaro - Mecum
One carryover from 1967 is the wide aft pillar.  But here it's a blending of B and C pillars.  Another retained concept is a flowing fenderline.  And a long hood.

1982 Camaro - Mecum
The long hood remains, but the flowing fenderline is gone.  The wide aft  pillar is retained, though the backlight rear window is enlarged.  

1993 Camaro - BaT
One carryover is the long hood.  Another is the fenderline high-point abaft of the rear wheel well.  This, in combination with the low hood, provides a fashionable "wedge" shape.  The only carryovers from 1970/1982 are the hood length and the wide B/C pillar.

My conclusion is that indeed there really wasn't consistent Camaro "design language" to work with when the 2010 model was conceived.  So while Welburn's decision was arbitrary, it was necessarily arbitrary.

Thursday, November 18, 2021

Separated Twins: IFA F9 and DKW F89, 91 Etc.

In other posts I've used the title "Separated Twins" ironically to refer to cars having similar features but from different makers, often from different eras.  Once I even compared a car to an airplane.

The present post is different.  It deals with cars from two different makers that literally had the same origin.

That origin was the pre- World War 2 Auto Union DKW brand's model F9 prototype.  It did not immediately lead to production due to the war.  But postwar, F9 type cars were built.  The first to appear were the IFA (Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau, active 1948-1991) F9s produced 1948-1956 in Automobilwerk Zwickau in East Germany.  Zwickau was where prewar DKWs were made.

Meanwhile Auto Union was reorganized in West Germany and the DKW brand's model F89 was produced 1950-1954.  It lacked the more advanced three-cylinder, two-cycle motor of the IFA F9 because IFA retained important prewar DKW engineering resources.  But during 1953-1959, DKW built model F91 ("3=6") that did have such an engine.  Also, DKW had a larger market and became more prosperous than IFA and therefore was able to take the lead technically and in terms of marketing attractiveness.

Below are examples of cars of the two brands with shared ancestry.

Gallery

DKW F9 Prototype - 1939
Note the grille design.

Same car, rear-quarter view.  Nicely streamlined, though aside from the front fenderline extending over the door, the overall effect is more late-1930s and 1940s.  The two-segment, aft backlight window is perhaps the most retrograde feature.

IFA F9
Sales literature for the 1950 IFA F9.  The design is the same as the prototype aside from brand identification items on the grille and trunk lid along with different tail lights, chrome grille bars and a few other minor details.

This later IFA F9 sports chrome trim around the windshield panels and a chrome strip along the hood cut and beltline.

Now for walkaround views of a for-sale 1952 IFA F9.


There are now chrome strips covering the trunk lid strakes.

Compare this '52 IFA F9 to the ...

DKW F89 Meisterklasse
1950 DKW F89 Meisterklasse ("Master Class").  The grille differs.  Also, this photo seems to be of a car lacking glass.

Another F89.  The backlight is one-piece curved glass that the East Germans apparently could not make at the time.

DKW F91 Sonderklasse
A 1953 DKW Sonderklasse ("Special Class") with the larger, three-cylinder motor.  It has a one-piece curved windshield and lower-side chrome trim.

Rear quarter view showing the three-segment wraparound backlight window.

Publicity image of the hardtop coupé version of the F91.

Monday, November 15, 2021

"Top Three" Redesigns for 1949

This is the third in a series comparing redesigns of Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth sedans.  Pervious posts dealt with model year 1937 here and model years 1940-41 here.  These brands were the best-selling American brands in those years and their sales volumes were vital to the economic health of General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation.  Therefore, a good deal of thought on the part of sales and styling staffs went into the new body designs.  Model year 1949 saw many brands getting redesigned bodies for the first time since before the USA entered World War 2.

Nowadays, basic body shapes are strongly influenced by wind tunnel testing.  Back then, there was much more shape freedom, the main constraints being packaging dimensions and metal and glass shaping technologies.

To make comparisons fair, the cars pictured below are four-door sedans with notchback bodies.   Images are factory-sourced or are of cars for sale.

Gallery

1949 Chevrolet Styleline DeLuxe
Although Chevys of the kind pictured here were built in large numbers (191,000), few apparently remain if images in Web search engine results are any indication.  Interestingly, Fleetline fastback four-door sedans survived much better.  The photo above shows the 1949 grille design.  It's fairly simple, but features the fat chrome elements that were fashionable in the USA around 1950.

1949 Chevrolet Styleline DeLuxe
Publicity photo showing the rest of the design.  General Motors' styling honcho Harley Earl liked large-radius curves, and they are evident here.

1949 Ford Custom
In my book on styling evolution I cite the 1949 Ford as the end of that process that began in the early 1930s.  Since then, there has been little in the way of long-term design trends.  Ford's body is more of a pure "envelope" type than Chevrolet's -- most details tightly incorporated into the basic body.  A nice touch is the "spinner" at the center of the grille.  Absent that and the conforming chrome border, the frontal design would have been visually dull.

1949 Plymouth Special Deluxe
The Ford did not share its body with other Ford Motor Company brands, and the A-body Chevy shared only with Pontiac and entry-level Oldsmobiles.  But 1949 Chrysler Corporation brands all used variations on the same basic body.  Differences were largely in hood length and ornamentation.  Plymouth's 1949 grille featured many chrome bars: much more elaborate than Chevy's and Ford's.

1950 Chevrolet Styleline DeLuxe
I could not find a decent side view of a '49 car, but the 1950 models were identical when viewed in profile.  The flow-through fenderline is dropped slightly below the beltline, reducing visual bulk that would have resulted from a high fenderline, slab-sided design.  The tacked-on rear fender (it's actually removable) adds further lightless to the sides.

1949 Ford Custom
Simple, functional, uncluttered.

1949 Plymouth Special Deluxe
Not a good photo ... sorry!  Chrysler Corporation cars were quite boxy for 1949.  Unlike Chevrolet and Ford, the front fender is not flow-through.  Instead, it fades into the front door sheetmetal.  Like Chevy, the rear fender is tacked-on, distinct, thereby helping reduce the effect of what might have been slab sides.

1949 Chevrolet Styleline DeLuxe
The rear quarter view shows a composition of rounded curves on the car's top, trunk and rear fenders.  The result is pleasing, but not as "modern" as Ford's styling.

1949 Ford Custom
Sides are potentially slabby, but the effect is relieved by the sheet metal being bowed outwards.  Further relief is via the sculpted extensions of the tail light housings.

1949 Plymouth Special Deluxe
The Plymouth is less-boxy from this perspective where trunk and fender curves provide some softening.  Nevertheless, the overall effect is ponderous, unlike Chevy and Ford.